A stressful pregnancy can impact a child’s development, specifically affecting their self-control and increasing their vulnerability to mental health challenges. Prenatal stress has been linked to internalizing behaviors (such as anxiety or withdrawal) and difficulties with impulse control.
However, prenatal stress was associated with these factors when maternal sensitivity, emotional support, and cognitive stimulation in the home environment were all low. In other words, mothers who are highly sensitive and responsive to their children’s needs, and provided a nurturing and stimulating home, resulted in children to be less likely to have these effects.
Because a child’s brain development, stress response system, and immune system are all still rapidly developing in early childhood and are influenced by the environment, sensitive parenting and a stimulating home can positively shape this ongoing development, counteracting the negative effects of prenatal stress.
A supportive environment helps children form secure attachments, feel emotionally safe, and learn to regulate their emotions. This emotional security is crucial and can protect against internalizing problems even if a child experienced prenatal stress.
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Alexandra Lagaros, UConn KIDS Research Assistant